REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech or what we used to called Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Meanwhile Direct speech or what we used to called Quoted Speech is words or sentences uttered by a person.

There are 4 types of Direct & Indirect Speech           :

1.      Statement                    :

·         Direct Speech              : “I’m hungry”

·         Indirect Speech           : She said she was hungry.

2.      Imperative/Command :

·         Direct Speech              : “Close the Door!”

·         Indirect Speech           : She said to closed the door.

3.      Information Question :

·         Direct Speech              : “What’s your name again?”

·         Indirect Speech           : She asked me to tell her my name.

4.      Yes/No Question        :

·         Direct Speech              : Have you brush your teeth yet?

·         Indirect Speech           : She asked me whether I have brushed my teeth or not.

Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.

There some rules for changing Direct into Indirect speech.

1.      The adverbs of nearness should be put into those of distance.

Ex: Now into Then, Last night into the previous night, etc.

2.      Tenses

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Simple Present She said, “I am hungry”	Simple Past She said that she was hungry
Present Progressive She said, “I am cooking Lasagna”	Past Progressive She said that she was cooking lasagna.
Simple Past She said, “I watched Frozen with her”	Past Perfect Simple She said that she had watched Frozen with her
Present Perfect She said, “I have watched the show”	Past Perfect She said that she had watched the show.
Past Perfect Nana said, “I had finished my dinner”	Past Perfect Nana said that she had finished her dinner
Past Progresive Loli said, “I was writing  when Ana came”	Past Perfect Progressive Loli said she had been writing when Ana had came
Present Perfect Progressive Loli said, “I have been sleeping all day in my bedroom”	Past Perfect Progressive Loli said she had been sleeping all day in her bedroom.
Past Perfect Progressive Ana said, “I had been sleeping when they came	Past Perfect Progressive Ana said that she had been sleeping when they had came
Future Simple (will+verb) Ana said, “I will call them”	Conditional (would+verb) Ana said that she would call them
Conditional (would+verb) Ana said, “I would call him if I were you”	Conditional (would+verb) Ana said that she would call him if she had been me

Conclusion          :

Ø  We used to call Reported speech as Indirect speech

Ø  We used to call Quoted speech as direct speech

Ø  When we try to transform direct speech into indirect speech we need to define the type of the sentence first then mind the adverbs of time and the tenses.

Source  :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-indirect-reported-speech

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/tense-changes-when-using-reported-speech/

http://www.weblearn.in/direct_speech/

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/direct-and-indirect-speech/

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

Active and Passive Voice

ASTRI RAKASIWI (11613458) 4SA02

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

According to EnglishPage.com, in active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. Meanwhile in passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.

Passive

S +  to be + V3 (Past Participle) + by phrase + Object

Active                         

S +  Verb + Object

Active VS Passive Voice

Active :

1.      The subject of the sentence is doing the action.

2.      The doer of the action is followed by the verb.

3.      The receiver of the action is preceded by the verb.

4.      Meaning is more clear and direct.

5.      The tone is authoritative and subjective.

6.      Sentences that don’t contain direct objects can be written in active voice.

Passive :

1.      The action is done on/upon the subject.

2.      The doer of the action is preceded by the verb.

3.      The receiver of the action is followed by the verb.

4.      Meaning can be confusing and indirect.

5.      The tone is neutral or objective.

6.      Sentences that don’t contain direct objects cannot be written in passive voice.

7.       

How to change Active to Passive Voice :

1. Check sentence length. 
2.  Identify the subject. 
3. Identify the verb.
4. Identify the object. 
5. Rewrite to follow the subject-verb-object order. 

Active and Passive Voice with Tenses :

1.      Simple Present

A: We are teaching the drama class

B: The Drama Class are taught by us.

2.      Present Continous

A: Bila is cleaning the bedroom

P: The bedroom is being cleaned by Bila

3.      Past Tense

A: Dori stopped the car

P: the car was stopped by Dori

4.      Past Continous

A: Indri was calling with Dori when her mother came.

P: Dori was being called by Indri when her mother came.

5.      Present Perfect

A: Salman have plugged the cable

P: the cable has been plugged by Salman

6.      Past Perfect

A: Mila had opened the store before night.

P: the store had been opened by Mila before night.

7.      Can

A: Dori can cook sambal rending

P: Sambal rending can be cooked by Dori.

8.      Has/Have to

A: She has to transfer his money today

P: His money has to be transferred today.

9.      Must

A: Dori must bring Mila paper tonight

P: Mila paper must be brought by Dori tonight

10.  May

A: He may borrow Dori pencil

P: Dori Pencil may be borrowed by He.

11.  Might

A: Mila might bring motorcycle tonight

P: motorcycle might be brought by Mila tonight.

12.  Should

A: Tania Should read all the requirements.

P: all the requirements should be read by Tania.

Conclusion :

            We could call a sentence an active voice if there is a subject doing an action. Meanwhile, we could call a sentence a passive voice if the action performed on the subject.

Sources:

http://writerswrite.co.za/from-passive-voice-to-active-voice-how-to-spot-it-and-how-to-change-it

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

http://pediaa.com/difference-between-active-and-passive-voice/

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/change-passive-voice-to-active-voice.html

Conditional Sentences

 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences divided into 3 types :

Type 1.Future Possible

Type 2.Present Unreal

Type 3.Past Unreal

1.      Future Possible
It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

   Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the examination.

2.      Present Unreal
Present unreal  is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

 Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example:  If you studied hard, you would pass the examination.

3.      Past Unreal

Past Unreal  is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality.

 

           Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

            Example: If I had seen you yesterday, I would have told you about it.

Conditional Sentence with subjunctive ‘wish’

            According to The English Island website, The English word “wish” is used when the speaker wants reality to be different than it actually is. Wish is followed by a noun clause using past tense verb forms. The following pairs of examples express “true” statements about the past, present, and future, and how you would express a desire for the opposite (the wish) to be true.

a.       A wish about the past
Example: I wish I could come to your graduation party.

b.      A wish about the present

Example: I wish it were not raining right now.

c.       A wish about the future

Example: I wish you could come to my party tomorrow.

Exercise:

1.      If I go to England, I ….. visit Buckingham Palace.

a.       Will

b.      Am

c.       Was

d.      Don’t

2.      If the weather …. fine tomorrow, we will go for picnic.

a.       Was

b.      Were

c.       Is

d.      Will

3.      If my father knew how to drive, he …. Buy a car.

a.       Will

b.      Would

c.       Won’t

d.      Wouldn’t

4.      If the weather had been fine yesterday, we ……. Gone for a swim.

a.       Wouldn’t have

b.      Would have

c.       Will has

d.      Won’t have

Sumber : 

Lado, M.J.(2012). Complete English Grammar. Jakarta. Titik Terang.

http://www.theenglishisland.com/conditional-sentences-part-two-and-wishes/

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/unreal-past/

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences